Candida species are the predominant cause of fungal infections in patients treated in hospital, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. Candidaemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis primarily affect patients who are immunocompromised or critically ill. In contrast, mucocutaneous forms of candidiasis, such as oral thrush and vulvovaginal candidiasis, can occur in otherwise healthy individuals. Although mucocutaneous candidiasis is generally not life-threatening, it can cause considerable discomfort, recurrent infections, and complications, particularly in patients with underlying conditions such as diabetes or in those taking immunosuppressive therapies. The rise of difficult-to-treat Candida infections is driven by new host factors and antifungal resistance. Pathogens, such as Candida auris (Candidozyma auris) and fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis, pose serious global health risks. Recent taxonomic revisions have reclassified several Candida spp, potentially causing confusion in clinical practice. Current management guidelines are limited in scope, with poor coverage of emerging pathogens and new treatment options. In this Review, we provide updated recommendations for managing Candida infections, with detailed evidence summaries available in the appendix.

念珠菌是医院治疗病人真菌感染的主要原因，对发病率和死亡率有很大影响。念珠菌血症和其他形式的侵袭性念珠菌病主要影响免疫力低下或重症患者。相比之下，粘膜皮肤型念珠菌病，如口腔鹅口疮和外阴阴道念珠菌病，则可能发生在原本健康的人身上。虽然粘膜念珠菌病一般不会危及生命，但它可能会造成相当大的不适、反复感染和并发症，尤其是在患有糖尿病等基础疾病或正在接受免疫抑制疗法的患者中。新的宿主因素和抗真菌抗药性导致难以治疗的念珠菌感染增多。念珠菌病（Candidozyma auris）和耐氟康唑的副丝状念珠菌等病原体对全球健康构成严重威胁。最近的分类学修订对几种念珠菌属进行了重新分类，可能会在临床实践中造成混乱。目前的管理指南范围有限，对新出现的病原体和新的治疗方案覆盖不足。在本综述中，我们提供了治疗念珠菌感染的最新建议，详细的证据摘要见附录。