Aspiration pneumonia (AP) is a bacterial pneumonia characterized by its physiopathological mechanism. French guidelines on this nosological entity have never been published. The need to combat antibiotic resistance, the evolution of the care pathway, and the medical progress made over the last years − both in terms of imaging tests and microbiological diagnosis − shed new light on pneumonia; thus, justifying the present guidelines. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) include a significant proportion of viral pneumonia, as well as a large number of bacterial pneumonia caused by micro-aspiration of ENT flora, and bacterial pneumonia acquired through inter-human transmission, of environmental origin, or secondary to macro-aspiration. We are currently witnessing an excessive prescription of antibiotics due to aspiration pneumonia diagnoses that are not based on robust diagnostic criteria and that are in fact excessively treated uncomplicated pulmonary aspiration cases. Rapid molecular diagnostic tests now allow for better identification of viral pneumonia, while low-dose chest CT-scans allow for ruling out dyspnea not associated with infectious pneumonia. These new tools should lead to a more precise diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia and to limiting unjustified antibiotic prescriptions.

吸入性肺炎（AP）是一种以其生理病理机制为特征的细菌性肺炎。法国从未发布过关于该病症的指南。过去几年中，抗生素耐药性的需求、护理路径的演变以及医学的进步--无论是在影像学检查还是微生物学诊断方面--都为肺炎带来了新的启示，从而为本指南的制定提供了依据。社区获得性肺炎（CAP）包括相当一部分病毒性肺炎，以及大量由耳鼻喉科菌群微量吸入引起的细菌性肺炎和通过人际传播、环境因素或继发于大吸入而获得的细菌性肺炎。目前，由于吸入性肺炎的诊断并非基于可靠的诊断标准，而且实际上是过度治疗无并发症的肺吸入病例，因此我们看到了抗生素处方过多的现象。现在，快速分子诊断测试可更好地识别病毒性肺炎，而低剂量胸部CT扫描可排除与感染性肺炎无关的呼吸困难。这些新工具应能更准确地诊断细菌性肺炎，并限制不合理的抗生素处方。