Anaemia is a frequent consequence of many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in children and it can even be the initial presenting symptom of underlying chronic GI disease. The definition of anaemia is age and gender‐dependent and it can be classified based on pathophysiology, red cell morphology, and clinical presentation. Although nutritional deficiencies, including GI malabsorption of nutrients and GI bleeding, play a major role, other pathophysiologic mechanisms seen in chronic GI diseases, whether inflammatory (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease) or not (e.g., coeliac disease and dysmotility), are causing anaemia. Drugs, such as proton pump inhibitors, mesalamine, methotrexate and sulfasalazine, are also a potential cause of anaemia. Not uncommonly, due to a combination of factors, such as iron deficiency and a chronic inflammatory state, the underlying pathophysiology may be difficult to decipher and a broad diagnostic work‐up is required. The goal of treatment is correction of anaemia by supplementation of iron and vitamins. The first therapeutic step is to treat the underlying cause of anaemia including bleeding control, restoration of intestinal integrity and reduction of inflammatory burden. The route of iron and vitamin supplementation is guided by the severity of anaemia.

贫血是儿童多种胃肠道（GI）疾病的常见后果，甚至可能是潜在慢性胃肠道疾病的首发症状。贫血的定义具有年龄和性别依赖性，并可根据病理生理学、红细胞形态学和临床表现进行分类。

虽然营养缺乏（包括胃肠道对营养素的吸收不良和胃肠道出血）起着重要作用，但慢性胃肠道疾病（无论是否伴随炎症，如炎症性肠病[IBD]属于炎症性疾病，而乳糜泻和动力障碍则属于非炎症性疾病）中存在的其他病理生理机制也会导致贫血。某些药物，如质子泵抑制剂、美沙拉嗪、甲氨蝶呤和柳氮磺吡啶，也是贫血的潜在诱因。

通常，由于多种因素（如缺铁和慢性炎症状态）的叠加作用，潜在的病理生理机制可能难以明确解析，因此需要进行全面的诊断检查。

治疗目标是通过补充铁剂和维生素来纠正贫血。首要治疗步骤是处理贫血的根本病因，包括控制出血、修复肠道完整性以及减轻炎症负荷。铁剂和维生素的补充途径需根据贫血的严重程度来选择。